The American Ceramic Society recently published an article on permeable pavement with a special additive. International weather has been especially brutal in the past couple of years, causing flooding to occur every few weeks somewhere in the world, displacing residents from their homes. Many flooding problems occur in areas where there is flat or low land close to large bodies of water without a way for water to drain—as with the unprecedented Hurricane Harvey in Texas, 2017. Poor or outdated drainage systems exacerbate the problem, but communities have responded with solutions, many of which end up being huge expensive barricades—such as the:
- Canal Levee Wall Along the Lower Ninth Ward, New Orleans
- Thames Barrier along the Thames River, England
- Historic Iwabuchi Floodgate, or Akasuimon (Red Sluice Gate), Japan
- Eastern Scheldt Storm Surge Barrier, or Oosterschelde, Holland
- Maeslantkering / Maeslant Storm Surge Barrier, the Netherlands
- Hagestein Weir, the Netherlands
And while flood-prone communities continue to blame development, it seems as though most solutions are very expensive. Several years ago, The American Ceramic Society shared news of a U.K. company that developed a permeable concrete that prevents pooling of water. Even though pervious concrete is not entirely new, scientists continue to improve upon existing technology. ISCP has also reported on pervious pavement: ASCE Flood Resistant Pavement; MnDOT Permeable Pavement in Cold Climates; Temperature Predictions in Pervious Concrete Pavements in Cold Months; ICPI & ASCE Publish Benchmark Reference on Permeable Pavements; VIDEO: Thesis: Fiber-Reinforced Pervious Concrete Pavement, and more.
Rather than focusing on multi-million-dollar solutions, researchers are focusing on altering the pavement. Researchers at Washington State University (WSU-Pullman) have developed a type of permeable concrete that actually solves two problems: flooding from water pooling during heavy rains and recycling of an industrial waste product that previously had no reuse applications. The Pacific Northwest is prone to heavy rains and the research duo has been studying pervious concrete for the past few years. Through their research they discovered that milling, rather than heating or using chemicals, was a less expensive process and could ultimately keep manufacturing costs down at scale.
Karl England, Associate Research Professor-Composite Materials & Engineering Center and Somayeh Nassiri, Assistant Professor-Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and ISCP Director, added carbon fiber composite into a pervious concrete mix. The carbon fiber increased strength and durability of the concrete.
“In terms of bending strength, we got really good results—as high as traditional concrete, and it still drains really quickly,” Nassiri mentions in a WSU news release. Carbon fiber is a strong and lightweight polymer used in many applications, including this submarine hull made of six carbon-fiber composite sections, clothing, and even heat shields used in spacecraft. While carbon fiber composite is an exceptional material to strengthen permeable concrete, it can be costly. The other problem is that there is no market for recycled carbon fiber composite. But what makes the new method interesting is that the researchers are using carbon fiber composite gleaned from the scraps of Boeing’s manufacturing facility that would otherwise end up in a landfill.
“You’re already taking waste—you can’t add a bunch of money to garbage and get a product,” Englund said. “The key is to minimize the energy and to keep costs down.”
What’s the difference between their research and other permeable concrete products on the market?
Nassiri answered in an email, “The innovation in our project is the addition of carbon fiber composite materials that is from the aerospace industry. This material needs a reuse application, and the use of them in pervious concrete adds value by enhancing durability and strength.”
Last year the duo conducted structural property tests to determine parameters for rigid pavement thickness design. Their next step is to work on scaling it for manufacturing. “We are working now on implementation and mainstreaming,” Nassiri adds. “When we go through these stages we will have a better idea of cost compared to commercial fibers and other products on the market.”
Englund’s and Nassiri’s research is promising for municipalities and areas in flood plains, as well as manufacturers looking for a recycling solution for carbon fiber composite waste.
Nassiri added, “This project is very exciting for us because we work on addressing the needs of industry in finding a reuse application for their waste, and at the same time working on improving properties of pervious concrete pavements that are beneficial for stormwater management and a desired solution for municipalities.”
For the entire American Ceramic Society Article, please go to: http://ceramics.org/ceramic-tech-today/permeable-concrete-prevents-water-runoff-while-solving-carbon-fiber-waste-problem. Additional article in Science Daily online magazine: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/03/180301094851.htm
For more information, please see the many links throughout this article above.
The paper is published in the ASCE Library, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering: “Enhancing Mechanical Properties of Pervious Concrete Using Carbon Fiber Composite Reinforcement” (DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002207).
Home page photo: Somayeh Nassiri (right)
shows students a sample of permeable concrete.
Credit: Washington State University